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Климат и экология

Необходимо свести к нулю выбросы парниковых газов при сжигании ископаемых углеводородов, чтобы защитить экосистемы криолитозоны

Эбботт Б. У.
Эбботт Б. У.
Кафедра прикладной ботаники и наук о дикой природе, Университет Бригама Янга, г. Прово, штат Юта, США benabbott@byu.edu
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Предлагаем вниманию читателей немного сокращенный адаптированный перевод обзорной статьи «Необходимо свести к нулю выбросы парниковых газов при сжигании ископаемых углеводородов, чтобы защитить экосистемы криолитозоны» (Abbott et al., 2022). Она была подготовлена большой международной группой исследователей и опубликована в рецензируемом журнале Frontiers in Environmental Science («Передовые рубежи наук об окружающей среде»), который выпускается швейцарским издательством Frontiers Media SA. Данная работа находится в открытом доступе на сайте указанного издательства (frontiersin.org) по лицензии CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), которая позволяет распространять, переводить, адаптировать и дополнять статью при условии указания типов изменений и ссылки на первоисточник. В нашем случае полная ссылка на источник для представленного перевода (Abbott et al., 2022) приведена в конце.

Изменения климата представляют собой экзистенциальную угрозу для многолетней мерзлоты, широко распространенной по всему миру. Разнообразные человеческие сообщества, экологические системы и биогеохимические циклы этой десятой части планеты зависят от сохранения мерзлого состояния грунтов. Сложность, масштабность и удаленность экосистем криолитозоны затрудняют понимание того, насколько быстро происходят изменения и какие меры могут быть приняты в этом отношении. В данной работе мы обобщаем информацию о трансформациях на суше и в акваториях этой зоны с учетом их значения для глобальной политики.

Хотя многие вопросы остаются открытыми, уже известно, что продолжение сжигания ископаемого топлива несовместимо с дальнейшим существованием криолитозоны в ее нынешнем виде. Если мы не сумеем защитить ее экосистемы, то последствия для прав и возможностей человека, целостности биосферы и глобального климата будут крайне серьезными. Политические выводы очевидны: чем быстрее мы сократим антропогенные выбросы и снизим концентрацию углекислого газа в атмосфере, тем бОльшую часть многолетней мерзлоты сможем сохранить. Целевые показатели по сокращению выбросов должны быть пересмотрены в сторону ужесточения и должны сопровождаться мерами по поддержке местного населения в целях защиты нетронутых экосистем и природных поглотителей углерода в криолитозоне.

Некоторые предлагаемые геоинженерные меры, такие как создание солнцезащитных экранов, изменение альбедо поверхности и манипуляции с растительностью, остаются непроверенными и могут усугублять экологическую несправедливость для сообществ, проживающих в этой зоне, не обеспечивая при этом долгосрочной защиты многолетнемерзлых пород. В то же время поразительные успехи в области возобновляемой энергетики (возобновляемых источников энергии) открыли реальные возможности сокращения антропогенных выбросов парниковых газов вдвое к 2030 году и их практически полного прекращения задолго до 2050 года.

Авторы статьи призывают лидеров, корпорации, исследователей и граждан всего мира признать глобальную значимость криолитозоны и работать над восстановлением климата и расширением прав и возможностей сообществ коренных народов и мигрантов в регионах распространения многолетней мерзлоты.

Полный список авторов: 

Эбботт Б.У., Браун М., Кэри Дж.К., Эрнакович Дж., Фредерик Дж.М., Го Л., Хугелиус Г., Ли Р.М., Лоранти М.М., Макдональд Р., Манн П.Дж., Натали С.М., Олефельдт Д., Пирсон П., Рек А., Робардс М., Сэлмон В.Г., Сайеди С.С., Шедель К., Шуур Э.А.Г., Шакил С., Шогрен А.Дж., Штраусс Й., Танк С.Э., Торнтон Б.Ф., Трехарн Р., Турецки М., Фойгт К., Райт Н., Ян Ю., Зарнецке Дж.П., Чжан Ц., Золкос С.

DOI: 10.58339/2949-0677-2026-8-2-98-119
УДК: 502; 504; 551.34; 551.588; 574; 620.9
Финансирование: Нет информации
Ссылка для цитирования: Эбботт Б.У., Браун М., Кэри Дж.К., Эрнакович Дж., Фредерик Дж.М., Го Л., Хугелиус Г., Ли Р.М., Лоранти М.М., Макдональд Р., Манн П.Дж., Натали С.М., Олефельдт Д., Пирсон П., Рек А., Робардс М., Сэлмон В.Г., Сайеди С.С., Шедель К., Шуур Э.А.Г., Шакил С., Шогрен А.Дж., Штраусс Й., Танк С.Э., Торнтон Б.Ф., Трехарн Р., Турецки М., Фойгт К., Райт Н., Ян Ю., Зарнецке Дж.П., Чжан Ц., Золкос С. Необходимо свести к нулю выбросы парниковых газов при сжигании ископаемых углеводородов, чтобы защитить экосистемы криолитозоны (пер. с англ.) // Геоинфо. 2026. Т. 8. № 1. С. 98–119. DOI:10.58339/2949-0677-2026-8-2-98–119 (in Rus.)
Статья в РИНЦ: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=91898869
Ключевые слова: мерзлотно-климатические обратные связи; Арктика; бореальная зона; климатическая политика; возобновляемая энергетика, обратные связи в экосистемах; глобальное сохранение экосистем; криолитозона
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